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my<00:00:12.150><c> name</c><00:00:12.269><c> is</c><00:00:12.360><c> Mark</c><00:00:12.540><c> Tuttle</c><00:00:12.870><c> and</c><00:00:13.280><c> I'm</c><00:00:14.280><c> on</c><00:00:14.670><c> the</c>

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my name is Mark Tuttle and I'm on the
 

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my name is Mark Tuttle and I'm on the
board<00:00:14.969><c> of</c><00:00:15.059><c> directors</c><00:00:15.480><c> of</c><00:00:15.540><c> Apple</c><00:00:15.990><c> on</c><00:00:16.109><c> where</c><00:00:16.379><c> I</c>

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board of directors of Apple on where I
 

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board of directors of Apple on where I
was<00:00:16.650><c> a</c><00:00:16.680><c> co-founder</c><00:00:16.920><c> a</c><00:00:17.490><c> long</c><00:00:17.699><c> time</c><00:00:17.940><c> ago</c><00:00:24.890><c> it</c><00:00:25.890><c> was</c>

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was a co-founder a long time ago it was
 

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was a co-founder a long time ago it was
fun<00:00:26.670><c> to</c><00:00:27.060><c> talk</c><00:00:27.720><c> to</c><00:00:27.949><c> software</c><00:00:28.949><c> people</c><00:00:29.279><c> because</c>

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fun to talk to software people because
 

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fun to talk to software people because
usually<00:00:30.300><c> in</c><00:00:30.900><c> the</c><00:00:31.109><c> past</c><00:00:31.349><c> I've</c><00:00:31.590><c> talked</c><00:00:31.800><c> mostly</c>

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usually in the past I've talked mostly
 

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usually in the past I've talked mostly
to<00:00:33.059><c> physicians</c><00:00:33.899><c> and</c><00:00:34.200><c> biologists</c><00:00:35.030><c> people</c><00:00:36.030><c> who</c>

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to physicians and biologists people who
 

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to physicians and biologists people who
don't<00:00:36.270><c> necessarily</c><00:00:36.420><c> know</c><00:00:36.930><c> much</c><00:00:37.140><c> about</c>

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don't necessarily know much about
 

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don't necessarily know much about
computer<00:00:37.770><c> science</c><00:00:37.950><c> it</c><00:00:38.399><c> was</c><00:00:38.520><c> nice</c><00:00:38.640><c> to</c><00:00:38.790><c> have</c><00:00:38.879><c> an</c>

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computer science it was nice to have an
 

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computer science it was nice to have an
audience<00:00:39.270><c> at</c><00:00:39.510><c> the</c><00:00:39.629><c> other</c><00:00:39.750><c> end</c><00:00:39.989><c> of</c><00:00:40.050><c> the</c>

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audience at the other end of the
 

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audience at the other end of the
spectrum<00:00:46.520><c> it's</c><00:00:48.079><c> because</c><00:00:49.079><c> now</c><00:00:49.910><c> computing</c>

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spectrum it's because now computing
 

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spectrum it's because now computing
resources<00:00:51.390><c> are</c><00:00:51.719><c> so</c><00:00:51.930><c> cheap</c><00:00:52.199><c> and</c><00:00:52.320><c> plentiful</c>

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resources are so cheap and plentiful
 

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resources are so cheap and plentiful
data<00:00:54.390><c> is</c><00:00:54.690><c> the</c><00:00:54.719><c> biggest</c><00:00:55.289><c> resource</c><00:00:55.710><c> that</c><00:00:56.070><c> the</c>

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data is the biggest resource that the
 

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data is the biggest resource that the
biggest<00:00:56.730><c> lever</c><00:00:56.969><c> we</c><00:00:57.210><c> have</c><00:00:57.449><c> to</c><00:00:57.870><c> solve</c><00:00:58.289><c> difficult</c>

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biggest lever we have to solve difficult
 

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biggest lever we have to solve difficult
messy<00:00:59.430><c> problems</c><00:01:00.620><c> that</c><00:01:01.620><c> have</c><00:01:01.770><c> resisted</c>

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messy problems that have resisted
 

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messy problems that have resisted
solution<00:01:02.850><c> by</c><00:01:03.030><c> other</c><00:01:03.210><c> means</c><00:01:03.449><c> it</c><00:01:03.899><c> was</c><00:01:04.049><c> if</c><00:01:04.589><c> the</c>

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solution by other means it was if the
 

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solution by other means it was if the
old<00:01:05.129><c> methods</c><00:01:05.610><c> worked</c><00:01:05.850><c> we'd</c><00:01:06.090><c> already</c><00:01:06.270><c> have</c>

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old methods worked we'd already have
 

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old methods worked we'd already have
solved<00:01:06.780><c> the</c><00:01:06.869><c> problem</c><00:01:07.229><c> and</c><00:01:07.320><c> we</c><00:01:07.439><c> wouldn't</c><00:01:07.680><c> care</c>

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solved the problem and we wouldn't care
 

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solved the problem and we wouldn't care
but<00:01:08.189><c> in</c><00:01:08.340><c> fact</c><00:01:08.580><c> they're</c><00:01:08.820><c> you</c><00:01:09.119><c> know</c><00:01:09.210><c> giant</c>

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but in fact they're you know giant
 

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but in fact they're you know giant
unsolved<00:01:10.229><c> problems</c><00:01:10.680><c> and</c><00:01:10.920><c> data</c><00:01:11.159><c> is</c><00:01:11.430><c> the</c><00:01:12.210><c> best</c>

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unsolved problems and data is the best
 

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unsolved problems and data is the best
lever<00:01:12.689><c> we</c><00:01:12.960><c> have</c><00:01:13.200><c> its</c><00:01:13.770><c> own</c><00:01:14.010><c> which</c><00:01:14.340><c> is</c><00:01:14.460><c> basically</c>

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lever we have its own which is basically
 

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lever we have its own which is basically
experience<00:01:15.540><c> and</c><00:01:15.810><c> then</c><00:01:16.049><c> trying</c><00:01:16.320><c> to</c><00:01:16.439><c> digest</c>

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experience and then trying to digest
 

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experience and then trying to digest
experience<00:01:17.460><c> using</c><00:01:17.869><c> statistics</c><00:01:18.869><c> or</c><00:01:19.020><c> machine</c>

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experience using statistics or machine
 

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experience using statistics or machine
learning<00:01:19.799><c> or</c><00:01:19.979><c> visualization</c><00:01:20.610><c> or</c><00:01:21.270><c> something</c>

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learning or visualization or something
 

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learning or visualization or something
else

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well<00:01:29.810><c> this</c><00:01:30.020><c> is</c><00:01:30.170><c> sort</c><00:01:30.350><c> of</c><00:01:30.470><c> what</c><00:01:30.680><c> I</c><00:01:30.710><c> came</c><00:01:31.400><c> to</c>

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well this is sort of what I came to
 

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well this is sort of what I came to
after<00:01:32.000><c> I</c><00:01:32.180><c> found</c><00:01:32.600><c> out</c><00:01:32.870><c> that</c><00:01:33.170><c> most</c><00:01:33.560><c> of</c><00:01:33.740><c> the</c>

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after I found out that most of the
 

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after I found out that most of the
audience<00:01:34.010><c> was</c><00:01:34.580><c> going</c><00:01:34.820><c> to</c><00:01:34.880><c> be</c><00:01:35.000><c> software</c><00:01:35.480><c> people</c>

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audience was going to be software people
 

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audience was going to be software people
and<00:01:36.340><c> that's</c><00:01:37.340><c> that</c><00:01:38.020><c> open</c><00:01:39.310><c> content</c><00:01:40.510><c> is</c><00:01:41.510><c> going</c><00:01:41.810><c> to</c>

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and that's that open content is going to
 

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and that's that open content is going to
have<00:01:42.020><c> sort</c><00:01:42.230><c> of</c><00:01:42.260><c> a</c><00:01:42.380><c> parallel</c><00:01:42.890><c> life</c><00:01:43.190><c> with</c><00:01:43.520><c> open</c>

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have sort of a parallel life with open
 

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have sort of a parallel life with open
software<00:01:44.380><c> so</c><00:01:45.380><c> open</c><00:01:45.860><c> software</c><00:01:46.070><c> started</c><00:01:46.610><c> more</c>

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software so open software started more
 

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software so open software started more
than<00:01:46.850><c> 60</c><00:01:47.300><c> years</c><00:01:47.330><c> ago</c><00:01:47.780><c> and</c><00:01:48.020><c> has</c><00:01:48.110><c> taken</c><00:01:48.410><c> that</c>

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than 60 years ago and has taken that
 

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than 60 years ago and has taken that
long<00:01:48.800><c> to</c><00:01:49.070><c> get</c><00:01:49.250><c> to</c><00:01:49.310><c> where</c><00:01:49.670><c> open</c><00:01:50.030><c> software</c><00:01:50.300><c> is</c><00:01:50.660><c> in</c>

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long to get to where open software is in
 

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long to get to where open software is in
a<00:01:50.840><c> dramatic</c><00:01:51.700><c> industry-leading</c><00:01:52.700><c> position</c><00:01:53.390><c> now</c>

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a dramatic industry-leading position now
 

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a dramatic industry-leading position now
and<00:01:54.020><c> I</c><00:01:54.530><c> claim</c><00:01:54.830><c> that</c><00:01:54.860><c> the</c><00:01:55.220><c> same</c><00:01:55.430><c> thing</c><00:01:55.640><c> is</c><00:01:55.730><c> going</c>

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and I claim that the same thing is going
 

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and I claim that the same thing is going
to<00:01:55.910><c> happen</c><00:01:56.000><c> with</c><00:01:56.360><c> open</c><00:01:56.690><c> content</c><00:01:57.140><c> and</c><00:01:57.320><c> it</c><00:01:57.410><c> won't</c>

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to happen with open content and it won't
 

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to happen with open content and it won't
take<00:01:57.770><c> 60</c><00:01:58.160><c> years</c><00:01:58.490><c> but</c><00:01:59.210><c> we're</c><00:01:59.360><c> not</c><00:01:59.510><c> there</c><00:01:59.750><c> yet</c>

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take 60 years but we're not there yet
 

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take 60 years but we're not there yet
and<00:02:00.020><c> so</c><00:02:00.470><c> my</c><00:02:01.250><c> co-author</c><00:02:01.670><c> Brian</c><00:02:02.090><c> Carlson</c><00:02:02.390><c> and</c><00:02:02.660><c> I</c>

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and so my co-author Brian Carlson and I
 

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and so my co-author Brian Carlson and I
basically<00:02:03.470><c> talked</c><00:02:04.010><c> about</c><00:02:04.370><c> how</c><00:02:05.590><c> open</c><00:02:06.590><c> content</c>

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basically talked about how open content
 

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basically talked about how open content
is<00:02:07.220><c> the</c><00:02:07.340><c> same</c><00:02:07.370><c> and</c><00:02:07.850><c> different</c><00:02:07.910><c> as</c><00:02:08.480><c> open</c>

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is the same and different as open
 

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is the same and different as open
software<00:02:09.649><c> and</c><00:02:10.130><c> so</c><00:02:10.250><c> one</c><00:02:11.000><c> reason</c><00:02:11.300><c> it's</c>

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software and so one reason it's
 

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software and so one reason it's
different<00:02:11.900><c> is</c><00:02:12.020><c> what</c><00:02:12.230><c> does</c><00:02:12.350><c> it</c><00:02:12.470><c> mean</c><00:02:12.620><c> for</c><00:02:12.650><c> open</c>

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different is what does it mean for open
 

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different is what does it mean for open
content<00:02:13.520><c> to</c><00:02:13.670><c> be</c><00:02:13.790><c> correct</c><00:02:14.270><c> it's</c><00:02:14.750><c> a</c><00:02:14.810><c> very</c>

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content to be correct it's a very
 

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content to be correct it's a very
difficult<00:02:15.230><c> and</c><00:02:15.650><c> Missy</c><00:02:16.010><c> problem</c><00:02:16.430><c> but</c><00:02:17.120><c> another</c>

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difficult and Missy problem but another
 

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difficult and Missy problem but another
respect<00:02:17.870><c> sort</c><00:02:18.050><c> of</c><00:02:18.110><c> management</c><00:02:18.770><c> and</c><00:02:18.860><c> need</c><00:02:19.160><c> for</c>

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respect sort of management and need for
 

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respect sort of management and need for
tooling<00:02:19.910><c> and</c><00:02:20.120><c> version</c><00:02:20.570><c> management</c><00:02:21.140><c> and</c>

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tooling and version management and
 

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tooling and version management and
change<00:02:21.530><c> management</c><00:02:21.800><c> and</c><00:02:22.340><c> all</c><00:02:22.430><c> that</c><00:02:22.610><c> kind</c><00:02:22.790><c> of</c>

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change management and all that kind of
 

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change management and all that kind of
thing<00:02:22.910><c> it's</c><00:02:23.660><c> the</c><00:02:23.930><c> same</c><00:02:24.260><c> in</c><00:02:24.620><c> software</c><00:02:25.610><c> as</c><00:02:26.030><c> it</c><00:02:26.210><c> is</c>

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thing it's the same in software as it is
 

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thing it's the same in software as it is
in<00:02:26.570><c> content</c>

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yeah<00:02:33.769><c> I</c><00:02:33.830><c> heard</c><00:02:34.250><c> you</c><00:02:34.310><c> asking</c><00:02:34.670><c> this</c><00:02:34.819><c> question</c>

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yeah I heard you asking this question
 

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yeah I heard you asking this question
before<00:02:35.330><c> us</c><00:02:35.569><c> I've</c><00:02:35.810><c> been</c><00:02:35.959><c> thinking</c><00:02:36.260><c> about</c><00:02:36.349><c> it</c><00:02:36.500><c> I</c>

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before us I've been thinking about it I
 

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before us I've been thinking about it I
think<00:02:36.739><c> the</c><00:02:36.920><c> most</c><00:02:37.010><c> important</c><00:02:37.550><c> thing</c><00:02:37.580><c> is</c><00:02:37.849><c> to</c><00:02:37.879><c> get</c>

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think the most important thing is to get
 

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think the most important thing is to get
started<00:02:38.629><c> and</c><00:02:38.989><c> if</c><00:02:39.920><c> you</c><00:02:40.040><c> get</c><00:02:40.190><c> started</c><00:02:40.700><c> and</c><00:02:40.879><c> find</c>

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started and if you get started and find
 

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started and if you get started and find
that<00:02:41.450><c> you</c><00:02:41.629><c> need</c><00:02:41.660><c> more</c><00:02:42.879><c> analytical</c><00:02:43.879><c> or</c>

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that you need more analytical or
 

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that you need more analytical or
theoretical<00:02:44.569><c> understanding</c><00:02:44.840><c> then</c><00:02:45.349><c> by</c><00:02:45.530><c> all</c>

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theoretical understanding then by all
 

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theoretical understanding then by all
means<00:02:45.709><c> go</c><00:02:46.129><c> to</c><00:02:46.190><c> school</c><00:02:47.110><c> but</c><00:02:48.110><c> but</c><00:02:48.379><c> before</c><00:02:48.799><c> you</c>

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means go to school but but before you
 

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means go to school but but before you
did<00:02:49.010><c> it</c><00:02:49.129><c> get</c><00:02:49.310><c> started</c><00:02:49.790><c> so</c><00:02:50.000><c> you</c><00:02:50.060><c> have</c><00:02:50.299><c> some</c><00:02:50.599><c> idea</c>

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did it get started so you have some idea
 

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did it get started so you have some idea
of<00:02:51.290><c> where</c><00:02:51.440><c> you're</c><00:02:51.590><c> going</c><00:02:51.860><c> and</c><00:02:51.950><c> why</c><00:02:52.190><c> and</c><00:02:52.459><c> what</c>

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of where you're going and why and what
 

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of where you're going and why and what
you<00:02:52.760><c> need</c><00:02:52.879><c> to</c><00:02:53.030><c> know</c><00:02:53.110><c> so</c><00:02:54.110><c> that's</c><00:02:54.260><c> my</c><00:02:54.470><c> advice</c>